Functionalist, conflict and the integrationist theories of education Essay

The functionalist theory looks more into the ways that universal education serves the needs of the society. On the other hand, the conflict theory focuses on the function of education as perpetuating inequality on the social aspect of life and boosting the power of those who are dominant within the society. The interactionist’s theory limits its analysis on education to what happens directly in a classroom setup, as it looks into the teacher’s expectation from the learner and how it affects the learner’s performance, attitude and perception (Rappa 1976). The relationship of each theory to education Functionalist theory; According to this theory, the latent role of education is that it brings people together. In other words it enhances socialization within the society among the different people from diverse cultures, languages, color, age and interests. Through the interactions, people get to learn from one another through the exchange of ideas and views regarding different areas of discussion. The other role of education is that it plays the role of passing down core values and social control within the society. Read more:Â  Functionalist Perspective on Social Institutions The conflict theory experts further insist on getting rid of modern exams, as according to them all tests contain a knowledge base which is always culturally sensitive. On the other hand, the Conflict theorists look at education not as a social benefit or opportunity, but as a powerful means of maintaining power structures and creating a docile work force for capitalism. The interactionists’ theory is relative to education in the sense that a teacher has more influence on the students within a classroom set up; therefore the performance of a student is majorly based on the teacher judgment and effort (Brubacher 1962) The perspective of each theory The functionalists see education as a means of transmitting or perpetuating the core educational values from one generation to another. Additionally, they consider education as an important factor in separating the learners putting the basis of this distinction as merit. The conflict theorists on the other hand see the educational system as perpetuating the status quo by dulling the lower classes into being obedient workers to the higher classes. The interactionists on the other hand, focus on the influence of the expectations of the teacher on the learner’s performance (Rappa 1976) Expectations of education from each theory The functionalists expect that universal education should serve the society by unifying the people within a society, and helping in transmitting the core values of the society. The conflict theorists expect that education will maintain inequality within the society, by preserving the power of those who are dominating the society. The interactionists’ expectations are that the teacher’s anticipation from the students should have an impact on their performance, regardless of its positive or negative nature (Rappa 1976). Comparison The functionalist and conflict theorists concur on that education is a tool to be used for sorting out the different learners. Further, the functionalists argue that schools sort students based on merit, while the conflict theorists argue that schools sort out students along class and tribal lines (Schon, 1983). The conflict theory puts more focus on competition between groups, while the functionalist theorists focus on balance and stability within a social system. Additionally, conflict theorists focus on society as made up of social relations characterized by inequality and change. Functionalism perceives the society as a complex phenomenon or system of interrelated parts working together to maintain the desired stability (Brubacher 1962) Analysis of personal selected philosophy and philosopher Aristotle; His philosophy is education for producing quality citizens who are virtuous. He further put consideration on human nature, habit and reason as the vital forces to be expected from and through education. For instance, he considered repetition to be a key tool towards the development of good habits; from the teacher’s systematic guidance of the different students (Schon, 1983). Aristotle put more weight on balancing the theoretical and practical aspects of the subjects taught. Additionally, he argues that the explicitly important subjects include reading, writing and mathematics. Based on the discussion, it can thus be considered that Aristotle’s thinking fits into the ideas of the functionalist theory (Rappa 1976). Conclusion Having discussed the different educational theories, it can be argued that these educational theoretical models are paramount as far as education is concerned, as they bring about an understanding of how different people perceive education. Further, it is through these differences that different people come together and reason towards reaching a solid conclusion, which contributes to an advancement in the field of education because trough discussions new ideas are established. Additionally, these theories help the members of society realize diversity in their thinking and perception of things. References Brubacher, S. (1962). Modem Philosophies of Education. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Co. Pg 114 Rappa, S. (1976). Education in a Free Society: An American History. Philadelphia: David McKay Company Inc. pp 59 Schon, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner. New York: Basic Books.

Benefits of Integrating Human Resources Management (Hrm) and the Payroll Databases

Benefits of Integrating Human Resources Management (HRM) and the Payroll Databases. The Human Resources Management and Payroll are completely different business processes; however, they depend on each other for accurate and timely flow of information for their business operations. Integrating these two process will ensure that the information flow between them is timely and less erroneous. The benefits of such integration includes but not limited to: (a) No duplicate data entry: Integrating HRM and Payroll processes means maintaining a common database. Therefore, any changes made to any aspect of the database are entered only once. There will be no need to make a duplicate entry of the changes. This eliminates errors that may occur due to multiple entries. (b) Less paper work: Having a common database reduces unnecessary paperwork and greatly reduces input errors.  © Integrated Reporting: Integrating the HRM and Payroll makes room for automatic update of employees’ records. With integrated reporting tools, consolidated reporting can easily be generated and containing an up to date employee information, benefits, data, and compensation data. . The current problems related to labor at Fargo Publishing (a) Fargo Publishing still uses the traditional punch clocks to track employees’ time in and out of work. With this system, the company looses lots of money when employees arrive late to work, leave early from work, and then resort to â€Å"buddy clocking† that is clocking for other people. Employees are paid for hours not worked, and productivity is greatly affected. (b) Employees time data are manually inputted into the payroll computer by checking the time cards. The problem with this process is that there is high risk of input errors obtainable when manually inputting the data for 250 hourly workers. Manually inputting these data is time consuming and delays update to necessary master files.  © Too Many paper work: There is too many paper work involved in the flow of information among the different departments. Since the different processes at the Fargo publishing are not automated, a lot of paper work is involved in the flow of information from one department to the other. This process is not cost effective, and it is also time consuming. There could also be loss of data during transfer process. (d) Employees’ time cards are checked by HR on a weekly basis at the end of the week. This means that employee database is updated on a weekly basis as related to time in and out. Therefore, no report can be generated based on this information until the end of the week. The issue with this system occurs when there is any threat that will destroy the time cards before the end of the week, all data is lost because the master database is not updated. 3) Recommendations to improve the problems related to labor. a. The use of Biometric Time System: The biometric scan is an automated system that verifies employees’ identity based on their fingerprint. It provides a more reliable and accurate data on employees’ identity and time. It eliminates the problem of buddy clocking and ensures that employees are paid for time worked. b. Integration and Syn chronization of Databases: The use of Biometric Time Systems would require the integration and synchronization of all the databases in the HRM and Payroll departments. This will ensure immediate and accurate update to the common database, and easy back up following any changes. This system will also reduce the volume of paper work involved in processing the flow of information. c. The use of Input Edit and Processing Controls: At this point, I would recommend the use of Input Edit and Processing Controls to reduce and detect erroneous entry into the database. Example of controls include: Validity check and field (format) check. (4. ) How Management can measure the cost savings of these recommendations. A. The use of Biometric Time System: The cost savings can be measured by the volume of books printed per day as a result of employees having to report to work on time and leave at a scheduled time to personally clock in and out. The longer time employees spend at work, the more likely productivity will improve when properly supervised. B. Integration and Synchronization of databases: The cost savings can be measured by the amount spent on paper supplies at the end of every month. This is compare to when the system was not integrated or synchronized. It can also be measured by the ease of dataflow among departments, which is how long it takes for department to access information processed in another department. C. Input Edit and Processing Controls: The cost saving can be measured by the number of reports that have to be reproduced because of erroneous entries. It can also be measured by reduction in the overtime paid reflecting the extra hours put in to correct what was previously completed due to error. References Chestnut, R. (n. d). Traditional Punch Clocks Vs Biometric Time Systems. Retrieved November 16, 2010 from, http://www. ezinearticles. com/? Traditional-Punch-Clocks-Vs-Biometric-Time-Systems Romney, M. B. & Steinbart P. J. (2009). The Human Resources Management and Payroll Cycle. In Strayer University 2010 Custom Edition, Accounting Information Systems (pp. 497-517). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Sinh, M. (2010). Integrating HR and Payroll – Key Considerations and Benefits for Companies. Retrieved November 16, 2010 from, http://www. articlesbase. com/software-articles

2 Xtreme

2 Xtreme Essay Tricks to try!:Snowboard Triangle, Square, X, OMountain bikeX, square, triangle, OX, O, Square, TriangleSkateboardTriangle, X, Square, OIn-line skate O, Square, X, TriangleAce Combat 2You can do anything you want!:Music TestComplete the game with a rank higher than First Lieutenant. A selection for music player mode will appear in the options menu. Press L1 or L2 to jump to the next track, R1 or R2 to jump to the previous track, Circle to select a track, Select to toggle the screen, and Square, Triangle, or X to quit. Free Mission ModeComplete the Kingpin mission. A Free Mission option that allows any mission to be played will appear at the opening menu. View All AircraftComplete the game with a rank of General. Lock Replay ViewHold Square during a replay to lock the camera. Alternate Mission Map ViewHighlight the Mission option on the mission selection screen, and press Select. XFA-27 FighterComplete the game under normal difficulty. Play the game again under hard difficulty and rea ch the low altitude surprise attack mission (Dead End). Locate and destroy the four YF-23As in the special Fox Force Four squadron south of the target. A medal and the XFA-27 will be awarded on the debriefing screen. Adidas Power SoccerThe #1 Team, that rocks all:In the options menu Press: L2 , R2 , Square, X Advanced soccer techniques:These moves should help you tremendously during a soccer match: Legend:T = TriangleS = SquareO = CircleX = XBack Flick: O + TBack Heel: S + X Power Shot: T + X Pull Shirt: T + O (defense only) Karate Kick: S + X (defense only)Two-Handed Push: T + X (defending)Female Commentator:Go to arcade mode, highlight the commentator option, and press the Circle and Square. Adventures of LomaxAllows for players to skip levels:Press: Down, Start, Up (PRESS HOLD), Left 1 (PRESS HOLD),Triangle Circle, X, Square. A number should have appeared to the left of Lomax). Now to skip a level (PRESS HOLD) to skip a level: UP, Left 1, SELECT START. You can now enable the Cheater Chopper cheat! Take flight at will:You can only access this code after youve accomplished the Level Skip Cheat. Once in Helicopter Mode: Select the chopper, then press LEFT 1 ; SQUARE to fly around the levels. Andretti RacingBring up a menu of secret options for modifying your car on the fly:While racing, pause game, and select race strategy. Now press and hold L1+L2+R1+R2+X+O+Select. Armored CoreDifferent camera views:Fixed Camera:You can switch to a fixed camera angle by pressing Circle + X + Start. Mech View:To switch to first-person view during play, press Triangle + Square + Start at thesame time then unpause the game. To return to third-person view,just pause the game then unpause it. Auto DestructLevel Codes:2nd level: gSMTkJBVm3rd level: gSMTJfYsZ4th level: gqBJCkLmv5th level: gvBKYgfNv6th level: fnFKgdHNr7th level: fnFKfdHNf8th Level: fnBVgqHNrlast level: rrJTfSFTrActivate Blood mode, Angel mode, and tons of other cheats.:During play, pause the game and press Up, Do wn, Left, Right, Down, Right, L1, R1, R1 to gain access the Cheat Menu. Fromthere input any one of the following codes for the desired effect. Blood Mode: Press L1, Down, R1, Left, L1, Right, R1Angel Mode: Activate Blood Mode, then press Up, R1, Down, L1, Up, Left, R1, Right, L1. Extra Tune: Press DOWN, L1, L1, O, O, R1, UP, SQUARE, L1 Invulnerability: Press L1, L1, L1, L1, LEFT, O, O, SQUARE, L1 Next Mission: Press L1, RIGHT, DOWN, LEFT, UP, R1 Tune Up Menu: Press L1, R1, L1, UP, DOWN, O, DOWN, RIGHT, LEFT, SQUARE, R1Car Select (from Tune Up menu): Press LEFT, R1, RIGHT, R1, LEFT, R1, RIGHT, R1 All Time Trials: Press R1, L1, O, LEFT, O, O, RIGHT, L1, O Mission Select: Press UP, DOWN, O, L1, R1, L1, O, UP, DOWN More Cash: Press L1, R1, UP, O, DOWN, SQUARE, LEFT, R1, L1 More Nitros: Press L1, O, DOWN, L1, UP, SQUARE, O, R1 Infinite Fuel: Press L1, O, RIGHT, L1, O, R1, L1, UP, R1, DOWNAzure DreamsLife Replenish:Go to any corner and press Triangle + Circle repeatedly until your up to full power!Ballblazer ChampionsShrinking Rotofoil (happy face code), and Master Dome Level Select:Abbreviations: S = squareT = triangleO = circleX = easy to figure out!L1, L2, R1, R2 = see aboveShrinking Rotofoil:In the password screen enter:X O X X O XX X X X X XX X T T X XS X X X X SX S S S S X(Note: the code resembles a smiling face!!) To jump to the Master Dome stadium in the tournament, with the difficulty on Easy, and with 1 previous loss on your record, enter:O L1 L1 R1 R2 L2X S S R1 R2 R1R2 T L2 R1 L2 OL2 R2 R1 X L1 R2S L2 R1 X R1 R1BattlestationsLevel skip code.:Level SkipBegin game play in single player mode. Hold L1 + L2 + R1 + R2 + Select and press Start + X. Battle Arena Toshinden 3Secret characters and other tricks.:Random Select Hold L1 + L2 + R1 + R2 at the character select. Press Square, Triangle, X, or Circle while selection box is moving. Remove DisplayPause a fight. Hold Circle + Triangle + Square + X and press Select. This removes the continue, options and reset selections. While continuing to hold the four buttons, press Select again. This removes the Life and Over Drive bars. To return the display to normal, repeat the code while pressing Select once. Play as Sub-bossesBeat the game with each basic character at level three or higher to u nlock his or her sub-boss. Play as ShouUnlock all the sub-bosses, then beat the game with Vermilion at level three or higher. Play as AbelBeat the game with Shou at level seven. Play as VeilBeat the game with Abel at level seven. Play as NaruBeat the game with Veil at level seven. Alternate CostumesBeat the game with Naru at level seven. Use Square or X to select a character. Instant Secret MovesBeat the game with Naru, then set two or more of the shoulder buttons to special moves. Press all special move buttons at once to perform a secret move. Note that this does not work for all characters. Unlimited Soul BombsPress Start to pause a match. Use the controller configuration option to map the L1, L2, R1, and R2 keys to Soul Bombs. Resume game play and press one of the those buttons and X simultaneously to release a Soul Bomb. That button combination may be pressed an unlimited amount of times during the match. Manual Camera ControlEnter the button configuration menu, highlight any s houlder button, and press L1 + L2 + R1 + R2. The controls for the shoulder buttons will change to camera view controls. The view may now be rotated manually. Control Loading ScreenPress any controller button to alter the color of the phrase Now Loading. Beast WarsPick any level you want and destroy whos on it with these two great cheats.:Level skip:During play pause game then press and hold L2 while pressing Up, Down, Left, Right, Triangle, X, X, Triangle, Right, Left, Down, Up. Resume the game with L2 still held. Weapon power-up:During play pause game then press and hold L2 while pressing Up, Down, Left, Right, Triangle, X, and Square. Resume the game with L2 still held. Bio F.R.E.A.K.S. Fight Clonus and alternate View codes. :Fight Clonus OpponentHold Select while selecting an opponent at the character selection screen to fight against the Clonus version of that character, Alternate ViewHold L2 + R2 and press Away during a match. Hold L2 + R2 and press Down to return to normal view. Black DawnUnlimited access to the tools of death and destruction duty free!:Infinite Missiles 8005FCF0 0064Infinite Napalm8005FCF4 03E7Infinite Rockets8005FCF2 0064Infinite TAC8005FCF6 03E7Mission skip, max weapons, max fuel ammo, plus other cool codes:During gameplay press: Select, L2, Select, R2. Then enter any one of the codes below: (T = Triangle)Max Fuel Ammo T, T, T, O Cycle Gun Modes Select, Select, Select Screen Mode Toggle Down, R1, R2Max Weapons L1, L2, R1, R2 Summon Wingman S, S, S, O Mission Complete T, T, T, Down, Down, Down Upgrade Current Weapon L1, L1, R1, R1Blast ChamberBlow the competition away before the games begin by starting on the level of your choice!:NA EMMAAB MAGDIEAHNINKPDMEMJKKAMKCJODPIGEHICJPABNAInfinite lives, joy!:Legend: S= SquareC= CircleL= LeftR= RightD= DownU= UpAt the title screen press:S, L, S, R, C, D, C, U. Now enter the options menu and choose solo survivor. You now have infinite lives. BlastoSecret Babes View Option:If you manage to finish the game with all the babes rescued, go to start game and there is a new option view babes. I think you can figure out the rest Blazing DragonsGo straight to the final level:V?U5MK 4N6LUL OHW5CB BRAHMA Force: The Assault on Beltlogger 9Check out the hidden, secret, behind-the-scenes stuff!:First you must beat the game within two hours (with a memory card in the slot). Then wait till the game returns to the title screen. The words Press Start should be on the screen, so go ahead and press start. A new word, special, should appear on the screen. Highlight this and behold! A menu appears that features a stage select, a video and sound test, and more! Bravo Air RaceFaster planes, extra planes, and alternate colors.:Note: This game is also titled Reciproheat 5000. Turbo GeeBeeRapidly tap X at the Now Loading screen until the GeeBee aircraft flies to the top of the screen. The word Good!! will appear to confirm correct code entry. The GeeBee will now fly over 100 mph faster than normal during game play. Extra PlanesHold R1 + L2 and quickly press Select(20) on controller two at the title screen. A sound will confirm correct code entry. The F-16 and F-117A will be available on the plane selection screen. Alternate Plane ColorHold R2 + L1 while the game loads. Bubsy 3DCheat your way through the game!:Enter one of the following passwords at the load and save game screen. Note: Press Left + Start after enabling the Zoom cheat to move around the level. Effect Password Level select XMVLCHTMSB 99 lives XMUCHOLIFE Level select and 99 lives XALLDBUGCR All rocket parts XTOOROCKER Add coordinates to Paws screen XDBUGLOCNC Enable zoom cheat XZOOMERKB Change shape XURASNAKER Access bonus rounds XBNSCHTMMM Burning RoadThree sort-of hidden Tracks:At the beginning of any one of the tracks, its possible to turn around and race the track in the opposite direction. Bushido Bladecodes Bushido BladeUnlock Katze:If you beat Slash Mode on hard without continuing, Katze (the character with the gun) will become playable. Bust-A-Move 2 Arcade EditionExtra Levels, Different Characters, and more! :Extra LevelsWhen Press Start appears on the title screen, press R1, Up, L2, Down. If you entered the code correctly a small green wizard will appear in the lower right corner. Start a new game and the phrase Another World will appear in the lower left corner. Different Characters Start a puzzle game, then at the map screen, press Left twice, Up, Down, L1 + L2 + R1 + R2. Now a character select screen will appear. Press Left or Right to select a character and press X to continue. Note: Bub will appear on the map screen, but your new character will be in the game. Extra Credits In the option menu, press Left, Right, R1, R2, L2, L1, Up, Down. A 30-second timer will appear in the upper-right corner. Quickly highlight the Credit selection and repeatedly tap X or Circle to add up to 30 credits!If you need more credits check out this trick:Select the options menu, and press L, R, R1, R2, L2, L1, UP, DOWN. Highlight the word credits. You will have thirty seconds to hit the X button as fast as you can. The faster you hit X, the more credits you will have when your time is up. Access the hidden characters:Select puzzle game mode. When the map screen appears, press L, L, U, D, then press L1, L2, R1, R2 simultaneously. A secret character selection screen will now appear. Its a whole new place to be!:Once the game has loaded up, and the words Press Start are blinking onscreen, press R1,U, L2, D. Now, select the Puzzle Game mode and try out the new world. Buster Bros. CollectionUse this code to find hidden levels or to select regular ones.:Bonus levels (B uster Buddies)Press X on controllers one and two when selecting a normal game. Ten extra stages will be available for game play. Level select (Super Buster Brothers and Buster Buddies)Press Down + X when selecting a normal game. Cardinal SynYou dont have to beat the game to use all of the characters, just use this code!:Play as Bimorphia When Press Start appears at the opening screen, press Right(3), Down, Square. If you entered the code correctly, you will hear a sound. Play as Juni When Press Start appears at the opening screen, press Up, Left, Left, Up, Square. If you entered the code correctly, you will hear a sound. Play as Kahn When Press Start appears at the opening screen, press Up(2), Down(2), Triangle. If you entered the code correctly, you will hear a sound. Play as Moloch When Press Start appears at the opening screen, press Up, Right, Down, Left, Square. If you entered the code correctly, you will hear a sound. Play as Mongwan When Press Start appears at the opening screen, press Down(3), Up, Triangle. If you entered the code correctly, you will hear a sound. Play as Redemptor When Press Start appears at the opening screen, press Up, Down, Left, Right, Circle. If you entered the code correctly, you will hear a sound. Play as Stygian When Press Start appears at the opening screen, press Left, Right, Left, Right, Triangle. If you entered the code correctly, you will hear a sound. Play as Vodu When Press Start appears at the opening screen, press Left(3), Up, Circle. If you entered the code correctly, you will hear a sound. CasperHow to beat the ghosts:Fatso near kitchen: Feed him hamburgers Stinky: spray perfume on him Stretch: use glue Fatso in bathtub: use camera General Fatso: use wind up key then hammer the tanksFarmer Stinky: use hammer and chisel to carve the stone in Graveyard Stretch: Use twister morph to lure him into grave site Castlevania: Symphony of the NightGet more out of the game after you beat it!:To play as Richter Belmont beat the game 160% or higher and enter your name as RICHTER To start the game with AXE ARMOR beat the game and enter the name AXEARMORFor 99 luck with the Lapis Luzuli (which gives+20 luck) beat the game and enterthe Name X-X!VQFor a hard game beat the game and enter the name X-X!VNote: All the names need to be entered after you beat the game with 160% or higherand are entered as a new game not renaming a saveCode Name: TenkaSkip to the end:To skip a level, pause the game during play. Press and hold L2 while pressing this button sequence: Circle, Circle, Square, Tri angle, R1, Square, Triangle, Circle. Then release L2. Bring out the big guns!:To gain access to all of the guns, pause the game during play. Press and hold L1, and enter the following: Triangle, R1, Triangle, Square, R1, Circle, Square, Square. Then release L1. Colony WarsWeapons cheat, infinite energy, and more! :For Super-cooled Weapons enter this password at the password entry screen in the options menu: Tranquillex. For infinite energy enter: Hestas*RetortFor level skip enter: Commander*JefferFor infinite secondary weapons enter: Memo*X33RTYCommand ConquerAll you need to win, its that simple.:Ion Cannon:During play, pause the game and press Right, Down, Left, Left, Down, Right, Right, Down, Left, X, Square, Triangle. Press start to resume play and activate your code. View map:During play, pause the game and press Circle, Circle, Circle, Up, Circle, Square, R1, Circle, Circle, Circle. Press start to reveal the map. Nuke em:While playing, pause the game and press Right, Down, Lef t, Left, Down, Right, Right, Down, Left, X, Up, X. Press start to resume play and launch your attack. GDI levels revealed:2 04XFOOP3W 3 W3KIESA3O 4 A8OTO3WIW 5 W1N457LJ4 6 OLXRH5ZUS 7 OX3CS3D4G 8 036Y0TVNY 9 V199PXG5L 10 8PH1NEGII 11 GTJKF2J00 12 T0RMFVVM5 13 AQU7OQ65A 14 KV2UWMZJ9 15 GTJ2PV46O Get 5,000 instantly with a code:During play, pause the game and press Right, Down, Down, Left, L1, Left, Right, Down, Left. Press Start to resume play with an extra $5,000. Pick a level, any level!:To access a level within the NOD mission disk, enter the appropriate code: Level 2: C99FAXKW8Level 3: RZNLQZ3NLLevel 4: W1954XWLFLevel 5: W15DASRS8Level 6: 8PH1MR53WLevel 7: GTJKWOJDKLevel 8: YKK424K3DLevel 9: 874LCPUT4Level 10: A8SHPAHXWLevel 11: OX3UKOP94Level 12: QGDUMSK2JLevel 13: SZP09VDSBCommand Conquer: Red Alertcodes Command Conquer: Red AlertSkip to any stage:Enter at the password screen. READ: Catcher In The Rye Essay QuestionsAllies 2. PJ1OC3IEW3. EC5NAHTU4. 9BFVYZAZ85. P4XS4CZVC6. FMNAE6U087. 7XIQW4KQI8. WPLAGLJ2G9. 4TNT8RJ2110. FZ0ZY7ZQA11. X9FJZVJZI12. 5RNHTXLRY13. J7VEWVT0914. OLHDAPYHL15. 17LE3FDVSoviets 2. VMBWOQ2843. XN37MCCSO 4. LH06FZZQL 5. BUVV20LFF6. AVYQ10YA87. LZRJTMQAN 8. YQX4C9GFH 9. 1QESO8LE0 10. RKP0UOXJA 11. CDLKYL7Q4 12. 8T5GGDK25 13. X5CDE0KN8Instant victory, money, and other codes.:Execute these button presses during playInstant victory: X, SQUARE, SQUARE, O, TRIANGLE, OInstant Nuke: O, X, O,TRIANGLE, SQUARE, TRIANGLEInstant Money: SQUARE, SQUARE, O, X, TRIANGLE, OInstant Chronoshift: TRIANGLE, O, O, SQUARE, SQUARE, XFull map: SQUARE, TRIANGLE O, X, TRIANGLE, SQUAREContra: Legacy of WarStart at any level with this stellar stage select code:At the title screen enter L2, R1, L1, R2, Left, Right, Circle, Square, R2, L2. This will bring up a menu with a list of all the stages. Unlock hidden arcade games, movie player, and a sound test:Enter these at the title screen: Movie PlayerL2, L1, R1, R2, Up, Left, Down, RightTank gameR2, R1, Right, Left, L1, L2Gyruss gameL2, L1, Left, Right, R1, R2Sound testR2, R1, L1, L2, Up, Right, Down, LeftCool Boarders 2Change into some new cloths:New uniforms: (at main screen) down, R1, up, R1, down, R2, up, R2, up, up, R1, down, down, R2 then wait tell you hear someone say hear we go then press R1, R2 Secret characters and more:Its easy to unlock secrets in Cool Boarders 2, all you have to do is your best. More specifically execute all of the moves in master mode, finish first in mirror mode, break all of records in freestyle mode. You will be rewarded with secret boards, tracks, and characters. Even an alien named Gray who rides a hover board! Crash BandicootAccess to the entire game 100% levels completed:T= Triangle S= SquareO= CircleX= XTTTTXSTTTTSXTOTTTOSTXXXXCritical DepthSecrets, Secrets, and even more secrets!:To unlock the three secret characters you must first finish the game with an y character on the medium difficulty setting. This will allow you to play as Mr. Phatt. Defeat the game using Mr. Phatt on the hard difficulty setting. This will unlock Agent 326. Defeat the game using Agent 326 on the hard difficulty setting to unlock the final character. Croc: The Legend of GobbosLevel Select:Enter the password Left, Left, Left, Left, Down, Right, Right, Left, Left, Down, Right, Down, Left, Up, Right to open up all levels. Crow: City of AngelsTake a look at all of the cinemas :At the main menu, highlight the continue option, and enter this password: T, T, O, O, O, O, O, O, T, T All of the level passwords:Pier: T,X,T,T,O,S,X,O Boat: X,X,X,X,T,S,X,OTomb: TOTOSTTOXOGrave: X,T,X,T,S,X,X,T,S,OChurch: T,T,T,T,O,S,T,S,S,ODay o Dead: X,T,X,T,S,O,O,X,S,OClub: T,O,T,O,O,T,X,O,S,OTower: X,X,O,X,S,S,X,T,OBorderland: T,X,X,X,O,S,T,SFinale: X,X,X,O,S,S,X,X,T,OStick figure action!:At the main menu highlight the continue option, enter this password: T, T, X, S, O, O, S, X, T, T M akes data appear onscreen:At the main menu highlight the continue option, enter this password: S,X,S,O,T,T,O,S,X,S Stretches the necks of the characters!:At the main menu highlight the continue option, and enter this password: X, O, T, O, S, S, T, O, X, O Crusader: No RemorseLevel passwords for easy difficulty:FWQP PLRQSZNFTD5SJ1BTK2CVN3DWM4FXX5GZC6HOD7J1F8K2FGL3JFM4Use these codes to continue the charge and maintain the rampage. Anger is an energy, anger is an energy:80066684 E812 8006A38E 002080098788 001180098790 0011801457D2 09C4Dark ForcesCodes for every level!:Z8B3T3GZ83 !WHSBRLKWZ5YJLKFNMZ13WHLJRLKXZ!1GPGS19LY!1GNKS19LY3WHPHRLKXZ3WHPNRLKYZ!1DNLS19MYTS2WY8J2FGPR0N0V8Z9CFXDDMDRNZTDYJCMFQMZSIts storm trooper stomping time: Level Skip, Invincibility, All Weapons, and more!:L= Left R= RightD= DownO= CircleX= XStart the game normally, and while playing push:L, O, XR, O, XD, O, XA cheat menu screen should appear if done correctly. To skip a level pause the game and select the next l evel option. The pogo option allows you to get to unreachably high places. Warning: Do not select the PAL Option it crashes the game!Dead or AliveInstant Replay:After a round is over, but before the victory pose, press and hold guard(square) and kick (circle), and then press punch (triangle) while stillholding the other two buttons; you can then rewind and replay the lastsegment of the fight to your hearts content by pressing or releasing punch(triangle) and still holding the other two buttons. Get all of the character outfits.:Everytime you beat the game with a character you earn a new outfit for that particular character. Play as Raidou and Ayane.:To play as Raidou:Defeat the game with all of the characters. To play as Ayane:Earn all of the outfits, thats 14 for each female character, five for each male character, and 3 for RaidouThe secret behind the extra config options is revealed!:If you beat the game once you will get the first. Then every three hours after that the game will automatically release one after the other. If you complete all of the moves for a character in training mode you will unlock a secret voice option. Deathtrap DungeonPick Any Level You Want With This Code:Press L1, R1, Triangle, Triangle, Square, Circle, R1, L1 at themain menu. All levels may now be selected at the Load Screen. Destruction Derby 2Check out some of the cool people who made this great game:Type in the code: CREDITZ!This code allows you to gain access to any of the tracks:Type the code: MACSrPOO Then immediately start a new practice race and all of the tracks should be accessible. DiabloFree money:Start a two player game. Give all of the gold to one of the characters and save the game for the character that has all of the gold. Begin another game with the saved character in two player mode and have the other character give his gold to the saved character again. Save the game and do it again and again. Die Hard TrilogyChange the game!:R= Right U= UpD= DownS= SquareDuring the game press pause. Then press R, U, D, S. Press pause again and select the use editor option. It may take a while to get use to this, but you can change anything you want. Die Hard2 Level Codes:LEVEL 2 14(SPACE)JJ2JB144JL289144JB(SPACE)(SPACE)F1(SPACE)4JLKT3GS9(SPACE)L38F144JL289144JLEVEL 3SS(SPACE)XHKG5SW3DFKQ6SW3F!QQ1SM3DDQRNCCVDFJQ2SW3DFKQ6SW3(SPACE)LEVEL 4F416QVMBF5NQLVC9F5NNSLCHF9NQM1W6TDP6LWCFF5NQLVC9F5NJLEVEL 5N(SPACE)(SPACE)V38Y3N2JB185(SPACE)N2J955Y1NLJB(SPACE)1L4Q7TV1954N2JB185(SPACE)N2J(SPACE)LEVEL 68N(SPACE)N8KL68P2NBKB58P2RQ!L5812NB698681NBJB18P2NBKB58P2JLEVEL 78D142J2(SPACE)8F1N6JV38F1JJ3B(SPACE)8P1N7BGCBSV46KV78F1N6JV38F1JLAST LEVEL 8N(SPACE)1B58Y3N2JB185(SPACE)N2JHHXP2NZJB(SPACE)76LXXNV1954N2JB185(SPACE)N2J(SPACE)Cheats for the entire trilogy:DIE HARD TRILOGY Legend:R= Right L= Left D= Down U= Right X=X O= O S= Square T= Triangle Enter any of the following codes after pausing the game. While holding the R2 button, press any of the following: Die Hard 1: R, U, D, S = God mode R, S, D, O = 50 grenades and 5 bullets R, S, S, D = Fat mode D, S, T, D = Villains float upwards when shot L, O, D, S = Coordinates T,T,T,T,T,T,T,T,T,T,R,R,R,R = Sk eleton mode D, O, O, D, T, D = Silly mode R, U, D, D, S, R = Unlimited shotgun Die Hard 2 R, U, D, S = Map editor (select this option for God mode) D, S, T, D = Skeleton mode R, S, L, O, T, D = Lots of ammo Die Hard 3 L, T, R, D = Fat mode R, S, L, T, X, S, D = Car floats in air D, U, L, L, D, U, L, L, D, U, L, L = Everything is flat L, U, L, L, S, D = Slow motion O, R, D, S, T, L = Sky cam mode O, D, D, S, R = Very slow motion O, O, S, S, D, D, X, X = 999 turbos L, O, U, D, S, R = Infinite livesUse these codes to gain an advantage against the terrorists:Any time during the game, pause the game and hold down R2 and enter one of these codes: Infinite life = Left, Right, Up, Down, Square Skeleton mode = Triangle 10 times, Right 4 times Heaven code = Down, Square, Triangle, Down Map Editor = Press Left, Right, L2, L1, R1, Up, Down, SquareGo for it with endless rounds of ammo:At the start of the second game shoot the helicopter at the beginning and you will get unlimited baretta ammo. D isruptorPick any level you want!:Enter these at the password entry screen Level 1: S T X O O T X X O S X SLevel 2: X T O O S X T O T X T TLevel 3: T X T S O O X O X T S S Level 4: X O T O S X X X O O O TLevel 5: T X O O X X S O O X T XLevel 6: O O X T T O S X X T S TLevel 7: O S T X T O X O X T X XLevel 8: S X O O X X X O O T O OLevel 9: X O O X S X T O S T T SLevel 10: O T X X O O X X T O S O Level 11: O S T O X T X T O X O SLevel 12: X X X O O T O X O S X ONever die, never run out of ammo, ohhhh yeah!:During play press select to access the map mode. Press L1, triangle, x, x, circle, x, triangle, square, square. This will give you unlimited life. For full ammo, access map mode, press L1, x, square, triangle, triangle, x, circle, triangle, x. Excalibur 2555 A.D. Enter any one of the following codes at the password screen to start on any level.:Level 2, Death Crypt = T, S, X, O, O, T Level 3, The Trappings = O, S, X, O, O, TLevel 4, The Sewer = S, X, T, T, X, OLevel 5, Eco Sector = O, X, O, T, S, XLevel 6, Fabian Water Hold = X, O, T, S, O, OLevel 7, Fabian Central = S, S, O, O, X, TLevel 8, The Prison = O, X, S, T, T, SLevel 9, Elysian Labyrinth = T, X, T, O, S, T Level 10, Subterranean = T, O, O, S, T, XLevel 11, The Vault = X, S, S, X, T, SLevel 12, Delavars Lair = O, T, X, O, S, OLevel 13, Project Eden = S, T, O, X, X, XFighting ForceLevel and invincibility cheat:At the title screen press and hold the following on controller 1; Left on the D-pad, Square, L1, and R2. A message should appear at the bottom of the screen if done correctly. Enter the option menu and select either of the two codes to use. Final Fantasy TacticsCheat your way to the top:Master one class per fight with Ramza. Be sure to finish the first fight with at least 300 JP for Squire. Learn Yell before the next fight. During the next fight, have Ramza yell at himself and stay away from theenemies until his speed reaches 50 (the max). Then attack. You should be able to attack several times between enemy actions. Learn Accumulate before the third fight. During each subsequent battle, yell at Ramza until his speed is 50(while staying away from the enemies). Then Accumulate until you have enough job points to master the class. Once that is accomplished youshould be able to wipe the enemy out. Repeat this process in each fight until you master every class (mid chapter 2). Note When using a magically inclined class, do not equip a weapon!Formula 1Make all sorts of bizarre changes to the race:Buggy Mode: Hold down the Select button. Tap the following buttons quickly: Right, Up, Triangle, Left, Up, Square, Triangle. Now you should see the message Buggy Mode Activated. This cheat will turn your car into a small buggy. Bike Mode:Hold down the Select button. Tap the following buttons quickly: Down, Up, O, Triangle, Right, Up, Square, Triangle. Now you should see the message Bike Mode Activated. This cheat will turn your car into a tiny bike. Lava Mode:Hold down the Select button. Tap the following buttons quickly: Square, O, Up, Right, Right, O, X. Now you should see the message Lava Mode Activated. This cheat will turn all roads into lava and the rest into gray. READ: nEGRO mOTHER EssayGibberish Mode:Hold down the Select button. Tap the following buttons quickly: Left, O, Up, Down, Down, Right, O, Square, Square. Now you should see the message Gibberish Mode Activated. This cheat makes Murray talk total gibberish. Bonus Track:Hold down the Select button. Tap the following buttons quickly: Left, O, O, Triangle, Triangle, O, Up, Right. Now you should see the message Bonus Track Activated. This will make the bonus track selectable just like the normal tracks. Bonus Track:To gain access to the Grand Champion Bonus Track you must finish first in both team and driver points in championship mode. Go into a single race then select the bonus track. FroggerSkip levels and get unlimited lives!:Level Select Pause the game during play and press R, S, T, S, T, R1, L1, R1, L1, O. Infinite Lives Pause the game during play and press R, S, T, S, T, X. G PoliceUnlimited shields, All weapons and unlimited ammo! :For unlimited shields:At the briefing screen press and hold L1+R2+Square then while still holding press Left on the D-pad. For all weapons and unlimited ammo:At the loadout screen(weapon select) press and hold L1+L2+R1+circle+triangle+square. Then while still holding press Left on the D-pad. Gex: Enter the GeckoGex made easy:Infinite lives: UNDEADInvincible: WEASELOne-Liners (Quotes): ALOUDRambling GEX: SENSELESSTo enter these codes press pause during the game then press and Hold L2 and R2. Then press the directions and buttons listed below that spell out the words above. For the letters U or N, push the up key. For the letters D or S, push the down key. For the letters L or W, push the left key. For the letters R or E, push the right key. For the letter, A, push the triangle button. For the letter, O, push the O button. For the letter, X push the X button. Gran TurismoGet money fast and easy:All you have to do is keep entering a race that you know that you can win and keep winning it! Then you can rack up more and more money!!!!! (You can also sell the car that you win as well!) Get back in the race faster after a mishap:If you are racing any fully tuned turbo type car and you spin out. It takes 10-15 seconds to get going again. Instead of watching the competition drive by while you try to get any revs and speed built up try this. When you spin out and come to a stop, hold the gas and the brake at the same time, the revs will build quickly and when you hit the redline release the brake and you take off like a shot. You save tons of time. A brief explanation of what is required to get extra car manufactures, the ending, and hi-fi mode.:After you get the four extra tracks you can beat the four with all classes and will get four extra car manufactures. Then if you beat all 8 tracks in normal mode in all classes you will see the ending. An d last if you beat all tracks in all classes you will be able to use hi-fi mode. Get 2000 dollars more for your car:If you sell a car sell it to the company it was made youll get paid $2,000 more than if you were to sell it to someone like Dodge or Chevy. Four more tracks!:In order to reveal an extra four tracks you need to win all three classes on the first four tracks. Grand Theft AutoInfinite Ammo, Unlock Cities, and More.:GROOVY: All weapons, infinite ammo, get out of jail key, armor. WEYHEY: 9999990 points (level complete)BLOWME: CoordinatesEATTHIS: Max for level of choiceFECK: Liberty city parts 1 and 2TVTAN: San Andreas and Liberty City parts 1 and 2URGE: All cities parts 1 and 2 except Vice City part 1CAPRICE: Level selectCHUFF: No policeTURF: All citiesCar Driver Presents: Grand Tour Racing 98Find the hidden medal for a secret!:Start a race in Hong Kong. Race until you encounter a dirt road, start to slow down a when you see the bridge. Drive across the bridge, and turn right. Head under the bridge and locate the gold medal this will grant you the secret car and track. Grid RunnerSometimes its faster to get flags when youre it:Instead of avoiding your opponent and taking twice as long to collect the flags, try allowing yourself to be it and chasing him down. Your opponent will stay near flags and after you tag him youll have time to run around and collect a couple more. HexenEvery Cheat :From the main game menu, select Options. From the options screen, selec t Pad Config. Once in the configuration menu, Hold down the R2 button and press Right, Down, Right, Triangle, X. You should then hear a sound to let you know the code was entered correctly. If you dont hear anything, try entering the code again. Once the code has been entered correctly, go back to the main menu. You will see a new option called Cheats. You will not be able to access this menu until you start the game. Start a game and hit the pause key. Select Cheats, and you will see various options to make gameplay easier, such as God mode, weapons, keys, etc. Set the cheats up as you like and then quit the cheats menu, then unpause your game. Cheats will now be activated. Hot Shots GolfPlay on the courses backwards!:Highlight a course at the course selection screen, then hold L1+L2 and press X. Happy sounds:Begin game play in multi-player mode. Press X, Triangle, Circle, or Square on the controller not currently in use to play various sounds. Get all of the people and places:Remo ve all memory cards from the PlayStation. Hold L1 + L2 + R1 + R2 on controller two when the screen flashes just before the Hot Shots logo appears during the opening sequence. Keep those buttons held, and press UP, UP, Down, UP, Left, Right, Right, Left, UP, UP, Down, UP, Left, Right, Right, Left on controller two while the Hot Shots logo is in motion. The sound of a wood driver will confirm correct code entry. Play Either Way:Highlight a golfer at the character selection screen, then hold L1 and press X. Impact RacingUnlimited ammo, all weapons available, last level skip, and bonus level:To get the desired effect, enter your chosen code on the password screen: loadsofstuff (unlimited ammo for weapons)all.tooledup (get all weapons) endgamelevel (last level)i.am.imortal (indestructible car)bonus.level (bonus level)Incredible Hulk: The Pantheon SagaSkip ahead or back. Your choice.:Level 2: 603EE0C530 Level 3: B08E0F0802Level 4: 000026B698Level 5: 40074DFF12Independence DayPlay any lev el, any time!:Go into the options menu and select the normal difficulty level. Then, without a memory card in the slot, select the load game option and enter any one of the following codes: Washington DBKMONew York GBKMXParis LLSMXMoscow NL9MXTokyo R39NFOahu T59MXLas Vegas Z99MZMothership 399MHJeremy McGrath Supercross 98Extra bikes, reversed tracks, and even more cheats!:Access the Yamaha YZ80 Complete the first race in first place under advanced mode. This will also enable you to race Jeremy one on one. Reversed Tracks Complete the season in first place. Automatic Saved Game LoadingEnter MCGRATH as the players name. Mirrored Tracks Complete the season in first place using the reversed tracks. Jet MotoCant get to all of the tracks? Now you can!:Go into the options menu and set the difficulty level to amateur. Then change the trophy presenter to male. Next, highlight the exit option and press X to return to the title screen. On the directional pad press Up, Right, Down, Left, Up, Right, Down, Left. Now press Left, then X, to enter the options screen. Change the difficulty to professional and change the trophy presenter to riders choice. Now move to the exit option and press X to go back to the title screen. Once here press Up, Left, Down, Right, Up, Left, Down, Right on the pad. Youll hear a sound if it worked. Go ahead and start to play. You will find that after choosing your rider and race type you are now able to select any track you want. Jet Moto 2Gain access to all of the tracks:Use the following steps to enable all tracks, including the alternate tracks. (this is hard to do) Set master difficulty and five laps per race at the options screen Press X on Lil Dave at the 1 player select screen, then go back to title screen. Press Up, Down, Left, Right, R2, R1, L2, L1 within four seconds at the title screen. Set three laps per race at the options screen. Then press X on Wild Ride at the 1 player select screen, then go back to title screen. Press Up, Left, Down, Right, Square, R2, Circle, L2 within four seconds at the title screen. Set amateur difficulty and turbos off at the options screen. Press X on Bomber at the 1 player select screen, then go back to title screen. Press Up, Down, Left, Right, Up, Down, Left, Right within four seconds at the title screen. Set professional difficulty and turbos on at the options screen. Press R2, R1, L1, L2, R2, R1, L1, L2 within four seconds at the title screen. Its an enigma!:Set master difficulty and 6 laps per race at the options screen. Press Left, Square, Down, Triangle, Right, Circle, L1, R1 within four seconds at the title screen. Secret modes and characters:If you beat Jet Moto 2 on the hardest difficulty setting a secret setting and character will be revealed. Everytime you earn a trophy with a character a secret opens up. Try to get a trophy with all of the characters to see all of the secrets. Jumping Flash! 2Super and Extra Modes:When you beat Jumping Flash 2 you have the opportunity to replay the game in Super Mode. In Super Mode you can Super Jump six levels of jumping by pressing the jump button each time you reach the full height of a jump. Finish the game in Super Mode, and you can play Extra Mode a higher level of difficulty. King Of Fighters 95Play as the boss characters:At the characters selection screen, select for Team Edit. Then, WHILE HOLDING , Press in this order:Up + Circle, Right + Square, Left + X, Down + Triangle. Legacy of KainBlood refill, Magic refill, and cinemas:During play simply push the buttons and directions listed for each code: Blood RefillUp, Right, Square, Circle, Up, Down, Right, LeftMagic RefillRight, Right, Square, Circle, Up, Down, Right, LeftAccess to all cinemas in the Dark DiaryLeft, Right, Square, Circle, Up, Down, Right, LeftLost World: Jurassic Park90 lives with any of the characters!:Enter these codes at the password screenCompy with 90 lives: x,x,o,t,s,x,s,x,o,s,t,sHunter with 90 lives: s,s,t,o,x,s,s,s,s,x,o,tRaptor with 90 lives: x,x,o,t,s,x,s,x,s,s,t,oT-Rex with 90 lives: x,x,o,t,s,s,s,x,t,s,t,sHuman prey with 90 lives: s,s,t,o,x,x,s,s,t,x,o,tDebug Menu: Enter this code three times in a row for it to work. The first two times it will say that the code is wrong. On the third try it will say it is correct. The code is: s,x,o,t,t,x,s,o,t,o,x,sKey: X=X O=O T=Triangle S=SquareEnter one of these codes at the password entry screen:To play as the Compy with twenty lives ente r: X, X, O, O, T, T, T, O, O, S, S, OTo play as the Human Hunter with twenty lives enter:S, S, T, T, O, O, T, T, S, X, X, TTo play as the Raptor with twenty lives enter:O, O, X, X, S, S, S, X, T, T, S, TTo play as the T-rex with twenty lives enter:T, T, S, S, X, S, T, S, X, O, O, OTo play as the Human Prey with twenty lives enter:O, O, X, X, S, X, T, X, X, T, T, TMachine HunterKill enemies with only one shot :Enter the following password at the password screen to make your bullets more powerful than you could possibly imagine. GRIMREAPER Madden NFL 97See all the cinemas and extra teams:To view all the cinematic sequences in Madden 97 press L1 and R1 together when you first turn on the game, until the cinematic screen comes up. Instead of going to the introduction, the game will go to a screen that says cinematic. To view them, just click on the screens at the bottom. At the user screen, enter TIBURON. Press X to accept this name, then press O to back out. At the team select screen, there should be 7 new teams for you to play. Madden 97 code at the exhibition screen press L2 and R2 until you get an otherwise hidden standout team. Marvel Super HeroesSecret characters:To play as Thanos beat the game once then select arcade mode. At the character select screen highlight Spider-Man then press up twice on the D-pad holding up the second time. While holding up quickly press and hold strong punch, then press and hold medium punch, and finally press and hold weak punch. If done correctly Thanos should be selected. To play as Dr. Doom beat the game once then select arcade mode. At the character select screen highlight Spider-Man then press down twice on the D-pad holding down the second time. While holding down quickly press and hold weak kick, then press and hold medium kick, then press and hold strong kick. You can let up on all of the buttons this should select Dr. Doom. MechWarrior 2Maintain proper speed:Simply enter this at the password screen #, A, X, 0, /, A, 4, Y, Y, AYou got the shells:Enter this at the password screen T, O, X, 0, /, A, X, , T, UPlay all the missions!:Simply enter this at the password screen T,

This research can focus on any historical topic related to the Essay - 1

This research can focus on any historical topic related to the course.that is, on any topic covered in class or in your dossie - Essay Example The second section will focus on how 1930s cinema, pre-code, portrayed women as having to choose between a career and love. Section 3 will look at the role of women in 1930s film and theorise that some women, notably Norma Shearer, could transcend stereotypes. Finally, I will explore how women’s roles in the cinema evolved from the beginning to the end of the Depression, and section 4 will examine criticisms of women in 1930s cinema and Section 5 will be a conclusion. Annotated Bibliography Berry, S. (2000). Screen style: Consumer fashion and femininity in 1930s Hollywood. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press New. This book will be useful in assessing impact of the 1930s films as it details how Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford and Marlene Dietrich influenced women filmgoers as role models of self-determination, and shows why the public is fascinated with these strong-willed women and others. Dawson, J. E. (1995). Hollywood’s image of the working woman. Las Vegas: Univer sity of Nevada. This dissertation will facilitate to explore the roles, which women have taken on the silver screen, how women are portrayed, and psychological aspects and influence of films to women. Feuer, J. (1993). The Hollywood musical. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. This book will assist in understanding of the origin and evolution of the Hollywood musical, as well as how it has affected society over the years, especially the chapter ‘Dream worlds and dream stages’, which details how Hollywood musical provided audience with escapist entertainment from the difficulties of war and depression faced in 1930s. Kolbjornsen, T. K. (1998). ‘Dansingi Hollywood: punktnedslagi film-musikalenshistorie’, dissertation, Villanova University, Philadelphia, PA. This dissertation explores musical film aesthetically and how spectators are transformed by the experience of watching these Hollywood musicals such as Busby Berkeley shows in the 1930s, and an explorat ion of dance as an aesthetic sign and discussion on how women are transformed into kinetic ornaments. Lovasz, K. (2007). Technologies of self-presentation: Women’s engagement with mediated representation from the era of silent film to the Internet age. dissertation, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. In this dissertation, Lovasz explores identity theory, which explains how women relate to patriarchal culture, by exploring a woman’s imagined and virtual cultural experiences, including those of film. Davies, C. (1988). New women, new culture: The Women’s Weekly and Hollywood in Australia in the early 1930s. Dissertation Brisbane: Griffith University Press. This book is very important in this research as it explores how the new woman, from the period after the censorship policy came into play, came to be and how she affected culture, including how women were portrayed on the silver screen, and it examines how the Hollywood portrayal of women in the 1930s affected women in Australia. Siegel, M. B. (2009). ‘Busby Berkeley and the projected stage’, Hudson Review, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 106–114. In this article, Siegel discusses some of the films of Busby Berkeley, a filmmaker of the 1930s who pioneered dance movies, which reveals his projected dance dreams; therefore, it will assist in assessing 1930 films. Streb, J. L. (2004). Minna Citron: A socio-historical study of an artist’s feminist social realism in the 1930s. University Park: Pennsylvania State University. This dissertation

China and the World Trade Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China and the World Trade Organization - Essay Example The main function of this body is to carry out and facilitate multilateral negotiations so as to improve the movement of goods and services in an open market and also to reduce trade barriers and such other bottlenecks, which actually bring unhealthy or poor competition in the market. It would be acting as a platform for its members to speak about their difficulties with their trading partners and in this way ultimately leading to the economic development of its members. Currently there are 145 members for WTO (The World Trade Organization and Agriculture, 2004). So the ultimate aim of WTO is to develop the economy of all its member countries whether it is developed, developing or least developed, to ensure employment for all through better production of goods and services and better standard of living for all (The basics of WTO. 2000). China joined WTO in the year 2001. A lot of commitments were made by China while joining WTO. According to that all the imports were to be exempted from trade tariffs. There is also domestic price liberalization and thus the price of the domestic as well as international price has almost become same. Apart from this tariff rate quotas replaced import quotas and licenses were abolished. In sectors such as telecommunications, insurance etc foreign participation was encouraged (WTO successfully concludes negotiations on China's entry, 2001). All these commitments increased transparency of China's trade regime and helped china to increase its trade volume. The volume of trade of China has increased from about $200 billion to more than $750 billion within four years after it's joining in WTO (The China Business review, 2006). There has been a change in the items of export as well. Before 2001 agricultural produce, leather, plastic items etc were the main exports, but after 2001, it is the electrical goods, machinery, power generation equipment etc. The imports also increased considerably in these 4 years and the main items include heavy equipments, machineries, vehicles and their parts etc. Export and import with United States increased to more than double during this period. China became the top supplier of consumer goods. The trade is increasing nearly 29% annually. Thus it could be seen that after joining WTO, China has made tremendous progress in its trade especially to United States and other developed countries. It has become the fourth largest economy in the world by the year 2006 (Yong, 2009). Thus the World Trade Organization which was formed as a result of increased globalization and liberalization, in order to facilitate trade across the countries has resulted in the development of economies not only of the developed countries such as US, UK, Germany etc, it has also helped the developed countries such as China to make tremendous progress in the trade and economy. Works Cited The basics of WTO [online] Available at: http://www.iisd.org/trade/handbook/3_2.htm 2000. (accessed on 12th June 2009) The China Business review [online] Available at: http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/0609/ChinaData.pdf 2006

Chinese art from the 1920s to contemporary China Essay

Chinese art from the 1920s to contemporary China - Essay Example The first kind harmonized the goals of the government with those of the artists. The goal of the artists in this kind of art was to modernize their art but at the same time maintain some aspect of the Chinese culture. Artist Ong Schan Tchow who got his education in China and in France is an example of those who practiced this first kind of art. He subtly combined Western art elements especially realism and perspective with some aspects of traditional Chinese art such as calligraphy and minimal contrast using muted color tones. However, there was a larger band of artists that used a different approach during this period. They attempted to reject the aspects of old Chinese culture and they created a culture which emulated the West. This movement was referred to as the New Culture movement.2 Apart from visual art, the movement touched on other aspects of culture such as literature and the government. The movement’s proponents advocated for a government that was based on Western d emocracy ideals. The movement drastically attempted to differentiate itself from the old form of Chinese art. This was done through outright rejection of Chinese traditional culture and consciously copying ideas from Western art. An example was the introduction of low art forms such as cartoons and comic posters in their art works.3 The eruption of the Chinese war in 1949 abruptly ended the Republican Era. A new age of Chinese history in which the government played an even bigger role in the transformation of China’s art that the previous government came into being. All aspects of Chinese life including art came under government control. The communist leadership tried to distance itself from the previous era. Entirely new art forms were encouraged while at the same time clamping down on traditional practices in Chinese life. The art in this era was characterized by a lot of propaganda.4 Artists had to be extremely careful with their works lest they found themselves being bran ded as being counter revolutionary. The use of socialist realism was encouraged by the Chinese government. Art that had been developed by the Soviet Union during previous decades was promoted by the Chinese government as a model by which Chinese artists were to develop their art. In this era, art was seen as a tool which was to be produced in large volumes. Despite the stringent rules on art during this period, a few beautiful and original paintings were produced. These paintings were in forms that did not challenge the government either directly or indirectly. The paintings mainly depicted aspects of nature such as landscapes and still life.5 At the beginning of the 1980s’ another form of Chinese art developed. A new breed of Chinese artists also developed. At this time, China was increasingly growing restless. The government was gradually losing its grip of control on the Chinese population. The New wave of 1985 was a critical juncture for the development of contemporary Ch inese art. The wave referred to the vigorous modern art movement that was developing in China in the period around 1985. A new trend was launched after almost every few weeks. Artists began to draw greatly from various western modernism styles and schools. An exhibition held in 1985 entitled â€Å"progressing Chinese youth art exhibition† was among the most successful exhibitions during that

TOMS Shoe Integrated Marketing Communications Plan Essay

TOMS Shoe Integrated Marketing Communications Plan - Essay Example The marketing objectives of the company is to increase the purchase of TOMS shoe among the youth including college students, those who have recently graduated and in general those below the age of 35 years. In addition, the company in its objectives aims at increasing its market share by 20% in the next 3 years by aggressive marketing using advertisements and other outlined promotional techniques. The communication objectives of the company are geared towards increasing by 30% the target audience that is aware of our products during the first year of implementation. It is also the company communication objective to increase the traffic on our website by 40% in the first year of operation. Further the communication objectives of the company are directed towards increasing the number of customers by 15% in the first year. The ultimate objective of the company communication is to increase our overall presence in social networking sites operating in the country and the globe at large.Pre vious research conducted on marketing to the youth has yielded some less positive results. Marketers consider this group as the hardest one to reach. The marketing initiatives will have to be both convincing and interactive with the prospect of dialogue between the company and the youth in a bid to getting feedback on the quality of the products and also on the nobility of its objectives.   The strength of TOMS shoe is that it has a noble cause attached to its marketing initiatives.  ... The ultimate objective of the company communication is to increase our overall presence in social networking sites operating in the country and the globe at large. 1.2 Challenges Previous research conducted on marketing to the youth has yielded some less positive results. Marketers consider this group as the hardest one to reach. The marketing initiatives will have to be both convincing and interactive with the prospect of dialogue between the company and the youth in a bid to getting feedback on the quality of the products and also on the nobility of its objectives. 2. Situational analysis SWOT Analysis The strength of TOMS shoe is that it has a noble cause attached to its marketing initiatives. The fact that one shoe bought will lead to another being donated to African poor is bound to elicit support from the young people who are the target for the designs of shoes to be marketed. The marketing initiative will ensure that customers will spread the goodwill message to others and in turn will create long time loyalty to the brand. One weakness that the brand has is that it is new. Therefore, it will face stiff competition from the already established brands. The brand will also be under immense scrutiny due to the cause that it will further and customers will want to reassurance that what the company preaches to do is what it actually does. This will require additional capital in reassurance of customers. An opportunity presented by this initiative is that it is the first of its kind and therefore may elicit support for the cause in people who always desired to be charitable but could not have had the opportunity to be. The greatest threat to the

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business report - Essay Example Suppose opportunities are available to the organization and within your control then they can be classified as strengths. If potential threats are identified as soon as possible then they can be proactively dealt with since being informed is a kin to being forearmed. The current Rocked product line evoked interest among potential buyers in our survey and in the focus group although the current price is rather exaggerated. The major disadvantage that comes with this is that it discourages customers from going for the rocked product. The focus group also gave us insight into changes that might make the product more attractive to potential buyers. The most prioritized concern that needs to be addressed is the high cost. For recommendation, the product should be completely redesigned and should focus on only selling bracelets until the company expands its product line. The redesign serves to resolve issues found in primary research, while still maintaining the titanium performance aspect that has defined the target from conception. The product is currently jewelry that falls into the high-end jewelry market though we believe after hearing from the focus group that if the product is supposed to have some connection to physical activity it should not have the appearance of a high-end product. The bracelet should simply be a band of .5 millimeter knitting cord with a stone pendent that is held by 2 titanium hands. This new product design would address many of the problems of the current product and most importantly, it should be much cheaper to produce hence less production costs. A single strand of nylon, a cheap colored stone, and the two titanium hands will have much lower material costs along with lower labor costs. Besides, it will also create a lighter product that can be worn at all times. Lighter weight eliminates a degree of worry for those clients who are looking for jewelry that can be

Film Sequence - Raging Bull (Martin Scoreses, 1980) Essay

Film Sequence - Raging Bull (Martin Scoreses, 1980) - Essay Example He became very rich and then wasted all his money. Later on in life he became a stand up comedian in which he didn’t succeed in a great way. Even more, he was imprisoned for taking advantage of an underage girl. After their previous endeavor, â€Å"Taxi Driver†, Scorsese, De Niro and Screen writer Paul Schrader were drawn and seemed exited by the life of the tortured, rough and devastated character. The techniques used in this film were unique and captures the imaginative power of the director. The movie offers a strong portrayal of the visual language and the composition of the shots. The opening credits of the movie shows the titles with a slow motion shot of the boxer jogging and warming up in the ring. It is a similar to the opening shots of To Kill a Mocking Bird. Raging Bull opening sequence plays Intermezzo from the opera Cavalleria Rusticana, by Pietro Mascagni. It has an amazing soundscapes, a no color cinematography and expert production design. Jake La Motta is portrayed in the opening scene exactly in a way notes are portrayed on a music sheet. He is feared, angry and the ropes of the ring look very much like the bars of music. Scorsese’s poetic meditation on La Motta’s fights in the ring is an important motif in the films romantic glorification of the sport and a tribute to its classic photojournalists. The film also displays elements of Christianity, specially a parallel of the fall. La Motta is shown capable of great things but his own wrong doings and failure to correct himself keeps him away from achieving much. (Martin Scorsese, Men of the cloth, Men of the Streets). Another important field had been Scorsese’s use of slow motion cinematography penetrates through the film and it is that absurdity which makes the critics find the film so compelling. Intertextuality means the way artworks can copy, pay tribute or enrich others work and here Scorsese imitates Life Magazine snaps in the movie. Establishing shots s uch as a low angle one which focuses on the symmetry of fire escapes in a Bronx building shows the artistic side of Scorsese. Camera work in this film had been of exceptional quality, with shots like a 360 degree swish pan which was used to show the state of Sugar Ray receiving the punches, which shows feelings inside the opponents mind. In the last part we see Jake getting beaten up, where the cameras close in on the hits and the blood. Slow motion is used to highlight the blood. Scorsese uses chiaroscuro lighting which creates energy and to portray the disturbed search. The energy is the desire, the camera is the hope and the lights are the worries that will be produced and the desires stripped. Scorsese’s use of wide angle lens, on close-ups, is well pictured. This would not have come out in longer lens. The great sense of separation is produced by this. Certain shots like the high angle, over the shoulder shot as La Motta hits Robinson, the camera zooms to a medium close from a long shot. The camera then takes the flash of a photojournalist and the flash fades. Scenes like these left a lot of scope for the audience to interpret. A point of view shot is used when the character is shown looking at something, so the shot is alternated with the view and the reaction of the observer. Slow motion

Tax inversions, benefits and pitfalls Term Paper

Tax inversions, benefits and pitfalls - Term Paper Example This issue was put to great publicity in April 2014 and came together with the proposed merger between two companies, AstraZeneca and Pfizer. Even though multinational public corporations have recently received more press coverage on tax inversions, middle-market and private corporations can invert and realize same tax benefits. A change of the legal location of the company from the United States to another nation allows the company to benefit from certain laws in that nation. Typical benefits that make corporations in the U.S to re-incorporate in other countries include banking laws that are more flexible. In addition, they also benefit by getting friendly corporate governance rules and lower tax rates. Bermuda is one of the most common destinations for tax inversions due to several reasons. The principal driver is because Bermuda does not tax capital gains. Also, it does not have any corporate income, dividend tax or profit. Typically, shareholders of such corporations need to pay taxes from the profits realized after inversion. Worse enough, the tax inversion transaction is mostly a stock transaction where the shareholders get no money to pay taxes on their profits in the stock. In that case, inversions are a long term play for shareholders of corporations which can bear the short term tax bite. Tax inversion also leads to unemployment in the country of origin of such corporations. The tax inversions do not typically alter the structure of operation for the company. Mostly, it means adding a smaller office in the new foreign location of the company. Therefore, even though on rare occasions, tax inversions lead to unemployment. The Bush administration passed a legislation that required corporations to continue paying taxes under current rules. Under this Act, the corporate minimum tax rules would still apply. Current rules where corporations control

Treason, Terrorism and Wartime Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

Treason, Terrorism and Wartime Criminal Justice Essay In the history of the United States the acts of treason, terrorism and criminal justice during times of war have taken on various forms. From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the current war on terror, the Constitution and its amendments have been challenged to ensure national security. To understand this we must first look at what treason and terrorism are and the effects they have had in the reduction of civil liberties during times of war. Treason   Treason is defined as: â€Å"The betrayal of ones own country by waging war against it or by consciously or purposely acting to aid its enemies. †Ã‚   (Wehl, 1950) Under Article III, Section 3, of the Constitution, any person who levies war against the United States or adheres to its enemies by giving them â€Å"aid and comfort† has committed treason within the meaning of the Constitution. The term aid and comfort refers to any act that manifests a betrayal of allegiance to the United States, such as furnishing enemies with arms, troops, transportation, shelter, or classified information. If a subversive act has any tendency to weaken the power of the United States to attack or resist its enemies, aid and comfort has been given. The Treason Clause applies only to disloyal acts committed during times of war. Acts of disloyalty during peacetime are not considered treasonous under the Constitution. Nor do acts of Espionage committed on behalf of an ally constitute treason. For example, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of espionage, in 1951, for helping the Soviet Union steal atomic secrets from the United States during World War II. The Rosenbergs were not tried for treason because the United States and the Soviet Union were allies during World War II. â€Å"Under Article III a person can levy war against the United States without the use of arms, weapons, or military equipment. Persons who play only a peripheral role in a conspiracy to levy war are still considered traitors under the Constitution if an armed rebellion against the United States results. After the U.S. Civil War, for example, all Confederate soldiers were vulnerable to charges of treason, regardless of their role in the secession or insurrection of the Southern states. No treason charges were filed against these soldiers, however, because President Andrew Johnson issued a universal amnesty.† (Smith, 1956) The crime of treason requires a traitorous intent. If a person unwittingly or unintentionally gives aid and comfort to an enemy of the United States during wartime, treason has not occurred. Similarly, a person who pursues a course of action that is intended to benefit the United States but mistakenly helps an enemy is not guilty of treason. Inadvertent disloyalty is never punishable as treason, no matter how much damage the United States suffers. As in any other criminal trial in the United States, a defendant charged with treason is presumed innocent until proved guilty â€Å"beyond a reasonable doubt†. Treason may be proved by a voluntary confession in open court or by evidence that the defendant committed an â€Å"overt act† of treason. Each overt act must be witnessed by at least two people, or a conviction for treason will not stand. By requiring this type of direct evidence, the Constitution minimizes the danger of convicting an innocent person and forestalls the possibility of partisan witch-hunts waged by a single adversary. Unexpressed seditious thoughts do not constitute treason, even if those thoughts contemplate a bloody revolution or coup. Nor does the public expression of subversive opinions, including vehement criticism of the government and its policies, constitute treason. The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right of all Americans to advocate the violent overthrow of their government unless such advocacy is directed toward inciting imminent lawless action and is likely to produce it (Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 89 S. Ct. 1827, 23 L. Ed. 2d 430 [1969]). On the other hand, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the distribution of leaflets protesting the draft during World War I was not constitutionally protected speech (schenck v. united states, 249 U.S. 47, 39 S. Ct. 247, 63 L. Ed. 470 [1919]). Because treason involves the betrayal of allegiance to the United States, a person need not be a U.S. citizen to commit treason under the Constitution. Persons who owe temporary allegiance to the United States can commit treason. Aliens who reside in the United States, for example, can commit traitorous acts during the period of their domicile. A subversive act does not need to occur on U.S. soil to be punishable as treason. For example, Mildred Gillars, a U.S. citizen who became known as Axis Sally, was convicted of treason for broadcasting demoralizing propaganda to Allied forces in Europe from a Nazi radio station in Germany during World War II. â€Å"Treason is punishable by death. If a death sentence is not imposed, defendants face a minimum penalty of five years in prison and a $10,000 fine (18 U.S.C.A.  § 2381). A person who is convicted of treason may not hold federal office at any time thereafter.† (Chapin, 1964) Terrorism Terrorism is defined as: â€Å"The unlawful use or threat of violence, especially against the state or the public as a politically motivated means of attack or coercion.† (Davenport, 2009) When we speak about terrorism, we initially mean transnational terrorism, which takes the form of the violent conflict between two or more different states. If we take terrorism as violation of certain social norms, the norms of what state should we take into account? On the one hand, terrorism directly violates the social norms of the society against which it is directed. On the other hand, terrorism becomes an acute response to the threats, under which the social norms of the terrorist state may appear. With the growing threats of terrorist attacks, numerous attempts have been made to explain the causation and roots of terrorism. There are several political, economic, and psychosocial theories which explain what terrorism is. The notion of terrorism has been discussed from the viewpoint of different disciplines and from various theoretical perspectives. Terrorism has been depicted more in political and social, rather than criminological terms. There have not been too many attempts to link terrorism to crime. This is why we still lack profound understanding of terrorism’s causation. Research has not produced any new theories which would explain terrorism. As a result, we can only utilize the existing well known crime theories to explain the notions and the roots of terrorism. The traditional picture of modern terrorism implies that terrorism has mainly Islamic roots. The extreme conservatism of the Islamic world and its reluctance to become a part of the worlds technological revolution may also serve the cause of terrorism. Rapid technological change changes the way institutions relate to one another. Change produces new norms, and new values. Those socialized to the old norms take time to adapt, and this ‘time lag’ results in the normative confusion between the old and the new societal values. (Laufer Adler, 1998) When such changes expand beyond the borders of one state and involve whole nations and continents, there will always be those who would refuse to conform to the new norms. The transition from the older to the newer norms actually causes significant stress onto the societal conscience. Terrorism is the ultimate act of opposition against the imposed implementation of the new norms. As states use terrorism to prove their social or political position, they defend their social norms and violate the norms of other states. Trying to determine the roots of terrorism, we must look at the so-called irrationality of terrorism†. This hypothesis stems from the theory of rational choice. Although it is difficult to deny that terrorism is a rational choice activity, in many instances rational choice remains irrelevant to explaining terrorism as a crime. This is further proof of the fact that we need one unified objective theory which would draw the terrorism cause in logical terms. On the one hand, terrorism as a crime is irrational in responsiveness to incentives. (Caplan, 2005) This factor determines the willingness of a person to commit a crime: the better the incentives are, the more inclined towards a crime a person will be. Moreover, rational choice suggests weighing all possible alternatives in choosing the tactics of specific crime. â€Å"The same holds for suicidal terrorism. Groups do not adopt suicide tactics for their own sake. They adopt them because they work†. On the other hand, we cannot explain terrorism within the theoretical framework of narrow self-interests which is integrally linked to traditional rational choice theory of crime. (Wilson, 2005) â€Å"Suicidal terrorism is far stronger counter-example to narrow self-interest. From a non-evolutionary viewpoint, it is impossible to reconcile the two. No matter how much you receive for your services, it does you no good if you are not alive to consume anything. Furthermore, if you get paid first and die later, there is an end-game problem. A selfish agent would take the money, then do everything in his power to back out† (Caplan, 2005). â€Å"Terrorism is first and foremost a criminal matter†. However, criminologists still fail to produce a relevant and explicit theory about terrorism as a crime. We possess sufficient knowledge about terrorism as a political, economic, or social phenomenon, but for some reason we keep forgetting that terrorism is a crime, and we primarily perceive as a crime with its peculiar characteristics. We will never be able to develop sound anti-terrorism preventive measures, if we lack understanding of terrorism from the criminological perspective. (Hamm, 2007) We must be aware of what causes terrorist crimes, what justifies them, and how we can deal with terrorist violence. Our primary task is to shift the emphasis from political to criminological perspective of terrorism. We must ultimately recognize that prevalence and incidence of terrorism requires criminological re-consideration. The new crime theory of terrorism must be multifaceted, and should link criminology of terrorism to its political dynamics and environmental contingencies. (Laufer Adler, 1998) Wartime Criminal Justice Historically, Americans risk losing civil liberties in wartime. Two risks to civil liberties arise out of war situations, first that under the guise of emergency, powers concentrated into the hands of government agents are misused, and second, that when the emergency ends, liberties formerly enjoyed are permanently eroded. The Constitution divides war powers between the Congress and the President.   This division was intended by the framers to ensure that wars would not be entered into easily: it takes two keys, not one, to start the engine of war. The Constitutions division of powers leaves the President with some exclusive powers as Commander-in-Chief (such as decisions on the field of battle), Congress with certain other exclusive powers (such as the ability to declare war and appropriate dollars to support the war effort), and a sort of twilight zone of concurrent powers.   In the zone of concurrent powers, the Congress might effectively limit presidential power, but in the absence of express congressional limitations the President is free to act.   Although on paper it might appear that the powers of Congress with respect to war are more dominant, the reality is that Presidential power has been more importantin part due to the modern need for quick responses to foreign threats and in part due to the many-headed nature of Congress. A brief survey of American history indicates that virtually every war has been accompanied not only by necessary restrictions on individual freedoms, but on overreactions, often hysterical, that has unnecessarily curtailed the liberty of Americans. The undeclared naval war by Britain and France on the fledgling United States in the 1790s led President Adams’ Federalist controlled Congress to pass the â€Å"Alien and Sedition Laws†Ã¢â‚¬â€clear violations of the First Amendment. Prosecutions under the law, soon after repealed, were politically motivated. President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in thousands of cases during the Civil War. Although historians have granted the necessity and even the restraint of these acts, the Supreme Court repudiated this unilateral presidential power after the War ended. A World War I sedition law made criticism of the military draft a crime. Sedition prosecutions stifled free speech. In reaction, the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) was formed and in a series of landmark cases, the Supreme Court strengthened First Amendment freedoms, limiting the ability of government to stifle unpopular political expression. Fear of Bolsheviks in post-World War I turmoil, a deadly Wall Street bombing, and assassination threats in 1919 led to the â€Å"Palmer Raids†Ã¢â‚¬â€round-ups of thousands of people around the country, mostly leftist or pro-labor, organized by J. Edgar Hoover under the authority of Attorney General A Mitchell Palmer. More than a hundred-thousand Japanese-Americans were interned for the duration of World War II in a tragic overreaction to the Pearl Harbor attack, a move upheld by the Supreme Court. President Roosevelt authorized national security wiretapping and eavesdropping on his authority, a necessary action that led to later abuses that were curbed by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). During the Korean War, President Truman nationalized the steel industry in order to break a strike that threatened war production. The Supreme Court swiftly ruled that this was an unconstitutional extension of the president’s war powers. The longest and most severe threat to civil liberty was the rise of the â€Å"national security state† for at least half of the twentieth century in an effort to thwart the real threats of fascism, Nazism, and expansionist Soviet communism under Stalin. Fascism and the Axis Powers were defeated both by military victories in World War II and by post-war assistance that painstakingly built constructed democratic regimes in Japan, Germany and Italy. â€Å"The long struggle to contain communist global expansion, warped American politics and justice in the 1950s, with political trials, loyalty oaths, Sen. Joseph McCarthy witch hunts (which missed real Soviet spies), artists’ blacklisting, local police department ‘red squad’ snooping, CIA spying on Americans within the country, FBI wiretapping Martin Luther King, Jr. And civil rights leaders, and a climate of political fear that equated a belief in racial equality or other liberal opinions with communism by the FBI.† (Stone, 2005) The anti-Vietnam War protests of the 1960s produced repressive political crimes and political trials, which carried over into the wiretapping abuses of the Nixon Administration resulting in the president’s resignation under threat of impeachment. After these emergency periods passed, repressive laws were typically repealed or declared unconstitutional, and excessive law enforcement behavior was curbed. The nations commitment to free speech rebounded, usually rather quickly, and sometimes more robustly than before. A Congressional report declared that the Sedition Act of 1798 had been passed under a mistaken exercise of power and was null and void. The Sedition Act of 1918, which was repealed two years later, helped give birth to the modern civil liberties movement. And in 1976, President Ford formally prohibited the C.I.A. from using electronic or physical surveillance to collect information on domestic activities of Americans, and the new F.B.I. director, Clarence Kelly, publicly apologized for F.B.I. abuses under J. Edgar Hoover. (Sofaer Williams, 2002) In summary, we see how acts of treason against the United States have taken on different forms. If an act can weaken the power of the United States to attack or resist its enemies, aid and comfort has been given, and thus treason has been committed. Terrorism has evolved both in complexity and with technology. It can take on domestic and international forms and is the ultimate act of defiance against a society. Politics and religion feed the terrorists’ fervor and with the advancements in explosives, even suicide bombers pose a significant threat. As terrorism and treason have evolved, so too have the responses to those acts. From the Sedition Act to the Patriot Act, these responses have been controversial but necessary to ensure the safety of our nation. Many think it not only inevitable but entirely proper that liberty give way to security in times of national crisis. The Founders warned us about the risk, and equipped us with a Constitution designed to deal with it. References Caplan, B. (2005). Terrorism: the relevance of the rational choice model. Criminology 43 (4), pp. 1039-1060. Chapin, B. (1964).   The American Law of Treason: Revolutionary and Early National  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Origins. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Davenport, A. (2009). Basic Criminal Law: The Constitution, Procedure, and Crimes. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Press. Hamm, M. (2007). Terrorism as a crime: from Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and beyond. New York: NYU Press. Laufer, W. Adler, F. (1998). Advances in criminological theory. Piscataway: Transaction Publishers. Smith, J. (1956). Freedoms Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Sofaer, A. Williams, P. (2002). Doing Justice During Wartime. Retrieved May 10, 2009, from Stanford University, Hoover Institution Web site: http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3461221.html Stone, G. (2005). Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism. New York: Norton, W. W. Company, Inc. Weyl, N. (1950). Treason: The Story of Disloyalty and Betrayal in American History. Washington D.C.: Public Affairs Press. Wilson, R. (2005). Human rights in the ‘War on Terror’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Impact of Crystal Meth Addiction

Impact of Crystal Meth Addiction By the time you are in elementary you already have some knowledge on drugs. They affect us in various ways, sometimes even personally. For Luke it became a personal issue. At first he began living in the house of a crystal meth addict to research the drug and experience first-hand how it affected others. Originally he had no intention of taking the drug, but after some time he fell into temptation. Since the house he was living in was full of crystal meth and crystal meth addicts it’s not surprising that this ending up happening. At first he would only use it occasionally/recreationally. He felt that he could accomplish more while using it and that non-user were weird for not using it. According to him it was cheap, it helped him lose weight, and it was really fun. â€Å"I felt creative, confident and productive.† (Luke Williams) But after sometime this recreational drug became something he could not live without. Luke then became an addict and began to experience psychotic episodes and aggression. Because of crystal meth he felt that everyone was out to get him and wanted to kill him. This is when he realized that he needed to stop. He went to a hospital, but they offered him pretty much no help and were very unsympathetic. The place where he used to live kicked him out and finding a place to stay became a difficult task. He lived with other crystal meth addicts but they began to flip out on him, leaving him with no choice, but to return home. His parents were very kind and took him in and helped him with his addiction. Learning to cope with the after effects of crystal meth was hard, but with the help of his parents he is now living a normal healthy lifestyle. Although he no longer has that many friends he feels better, because now he doesn’t have bad influences around him. He realizes how dumb he wa s for taking crystal meth and encourages others to never try it (Williams). But where did this drug that destroys so many homes and lives come from? This drug is a man-made stimulant that has been around for a long time. Crystal meth was originally made by the government during World War II to help soldiers stay awake. But after realizing the after affects it had on the soldiers the government decided to ban it. Most of the crystal meth in the United States comes from Mexican super labs. Although people still make it here in the U.S. it’s usually inside their homes. It’s very dangerous to make because of the chemicals involved which are very explosive. Crystal meth comes in clear chunky crystals resembling ice and is most commonly smoked. You can identify Crystal Meth addicts by certain characteristics/behaviors that they exhibit. One of the first things that you will start to notice is that they do not care about their personal appearance or hygiene. They continually pick at their hair and skin which causing themselves nasty looking sores. And they get pimples that are hard to get rid of. They are also more likely to steal to pay for their addiction. Angry outbursts and mood swings are very common in crystal meth addicts. Other affects it has on the body is raising the body temperature to an abnormal level, so high that the user could pass out or even die. They lose appetite and weight dramatically. Dilated pupils, rapid eye movement, anxiousness, confusion, insomnia, unsafe sex, violent outbursts, and twitching are some of the after effects of crystal meth. Users can become paranoid and hear and see things that aren’t actually there (hallucinations). (Ratini) But why do people take this drug? What makes it so addictive? The powerful rush people get from using crystal meth makes a lot of people get hooked right from the start. When its used, a chemical called dopamine (chemical in the brain that floods parts of it that regulate feelings of pleasure). Users also feel confident and energetic. A user can become addicted quickly and soon finds he will do anything to have the rush again. As he continues to use the drug, he builds up a tolerance. That means he needs higher doses to get the same high. The higher the dosage of crystal meth, the higher the risks. How do you get clean from such a powerful drug? How do you liberate yourself from its iron grasp? Since most people who try crystal meth are immediately addicted to it, it’s very hard to get clean from it. Actually it’s one of the hardest drug addictions to beat. People who are addicted to crystal meth usually cannot beat the addiction on their own and require professional help. They either need a professional counselor or drug treatment program. For the first few weeks their bodies will go into withdrawal and they will only be able to eat and sleep because their mind and body are too tired to do anything else. They will feel anti-social and may have violent outbursts. During the whole withdrawal your body is screaming for meth. This is the hardest part of getting clean. Then they go through a honeymoon phase where they feel super confident. Most people have a relapse during this moment because of how over confident they are. Then comes more depression and boredom after this. Finally they move into the adjustment phase where they begin to adjust to society and life in general. Staying clean is a daily choice so it’s an ongoing recovery. But how does this drug affect your spiritual life? Can you still have a close relationship with God while doing Crystal Meth? No, you can’t†¦ Of course the Bible never directly talks about drugs but that’s because they were not around during those days. But it does talk about addictions. All of the apostolic exhortations to remain sober-minded and alert are designed to remind us that we must be vigilant against the snares of the Devil who seeks to ensnare us through deception. (1 Peter 5:8) (1 Corinthians 15:34; 1 Thessalonians 5:4-8; 2 Timothy 4:5; 1 Peter 1:13; 4:7; 5:8) All of these texts talk about being sober and how can you do that if you’re so high you don’t even know your name? Sobriety is also important for prayer (1 Peter 4:7). As Christians, our bodies are not our own, we have been bought with a price which is the blood of Christ (1 Peter 1:17-19) (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). Having bought us with His own life if we pollute or harm our bodies w e desecrate the House of God (1 Corinthians 3:16-17). So I guess all this answers the question if you can or can’t be high and still consider yourself a devoted Christian. In the beginning I mentioned that Luke began to use the drug because he was naà ¯ve of its effects on the human body and what crystal meth actually was. After reading all of this information I feel like he would think twice before trying the drug. People don’t usually think about the effects drugs have on your body and never stop to consider the after effects. But if it is all written out for you and personal testimonies are added then it’s a lot easier to stop and be informed about the drug. This type of information would have saved Luke from a lot of pain, hardship, and danger. And all though he wasn’t a Christian, the texts from the Bible can be very helpful to Christian youth who are experimenting with different things. Many people are ignorant and think that just trying a drug once will not affect them later on and that they are just going to do it once recreationally. Unfortunately this is not the case 99% of the time. Because crystal meth is so strong peo ple get addicted to it the first time they try it and it is really hard to stop the addiction that is why Luke had such a hard time. To prevent things like this from happening we need to speak out against drug abuse and inform people on what Crystal meth and drugs in general do to your body. We need to let them know that they take control of your life and leave you worse than you ever were before. And battling drug addiction is a lifelong thing because your body will always crave the drug. Crystal meth ruins hundreds of lives, families, relationships, and homes each year that is why we must speak out against it now. Luke didn’t have people in his life to inform him, but think about the people you know that are messing around with drugs; have you taken the time to inform them? Don’t let them go through all the things Luke went through. Works Cited Petit, Aymeric. J Addict Res. Methamphetamine Addiction: A Review of the Literature (2012): http://omicsonline.org/methamphetamine-addiction-a-review-of-the-literature-2155-6105.S1-006.php?aid=3893. Ratini, Melinda. crystal meth what should you know. 16 september 2014. 6 may 2015. . Williams, Luke. life as a chrystal meth addict. The saturday Paper 2 8 2014: 2.